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iending and deposit business
securities issuing
asset management and
foreign exchange trading.
Trading has been given as an alternative to interest based transactions by Quran e Kareem as mentioned above. In the light of this fact the comtemporary Islamic scholars after reviewing the current financial system have comeup with different modes of financing to fulfill the much needed requirement. In the futher discussion we shall discuss those modes of financing. But first we would define Islamic banking as per the State Bank Of Pakistan.
Islamic banking has the same utility as of conventional banking except that it asserts to function in agreement with the rules of Islamic Jurisprudence, called Fiqh ul Muamalat (Islamic regulations for transactions). The indispensable law of Islamic banking is the sharing of gain and loss and the prohibition of interest and Gharar. The Islamic concepts, that are mainly used in Islamic banking are profit sharing combination of isolated investor and worker (Mudharabah), safekeeping (Amanah), joint venture (Musharkah), Diminishing Musharkah, cost plus profit (Murabahah), asset finance (Ijarah), manufacturing (Istisna) and agricultural goods (Salaam). Islamic banking proposes to a structure of banking or participatory pooling actions that is dependable on Islamic Jurisprudence (Sharia'h) and channeled by Islamic economics. Islamic law prohibits interest the collection and payment of Usury. Islamic law also disallows trading in financial risk (since it is a form of gambling) discussed above as Gharar. In addition, Islamic Jurisprudence excludes participation in businesses which are deemed Haram (a going concern which deals in pork or alcohol). At the verge of 20th century, quite a few Islamic banks were crafted, to cater to this specific banking market. (Hassan, 2002)
This article would like to explain the difference between social process:learning theory and strain theory to solve the issue of fraud in the respective of workplace crime in New Zealand.
工作场所犯罪欺诈概念的定义是研究工作场所犯罪欺诈原因的逻辑起点，也是有效防止工作场所犯罪欺诈的前提（White、Haines和Asquith，2017）。在犯罪学意义上，有人将工作场所犯罪中的欺诈定义为“工作场所犯罪中的欺诈”，即“工作场所犯罪中的欺诈”是指为了社会越轨行为的私利而滥用公共权力，有人从刑法的角度对工作场所犯罪中的欺诈进行了定义，认为“工作场所犯罪中的欺诈”是指“工作场所犯罪中的欺诈”。AUD在工作场所犯罪是行为主体滥用公共权力或利用公共权力谋取私利，致使国家和人民利益遭受损失，并应依法受到刑事处罚的行为。“两种观点都有其合理性，但前者包括犯罪逻辑腐败的定义比后者更为广泛。基于前人对工作场所犯罪诈骗概念的合理界定，以及分析工作场所犯罪诈骗的社会原因的必要性，以下只是对工作场所犯罪诈骗类型的粗略划分。事实上，“没有刑法就没有犯罪”和“没有刑法就没有犯罪”，非刑法明确规定处罚行为不是犯罪，对犯罪原因的研究不能完全脱离法律规范。因此，工作场所犯罪中诈骗的定义应当在现行刑法的框架下进行。贪污贿赂罪的法律利益是清正廉洁的。这类犯罪的实施者往往受到贪婪、权力和金钱的交易以及公职人员的出卖的驱使。刑法规定了渎职罪，保护国家机关公共事务和人民信任的合法、公正、有效的执行。这些犯罪，无论是滥用职权、滥用职权、徇私舞弊，还是玩忽职守，都是利用公众权力，无视依法、公正、有效履行公务的职责，无视社会公共利益的行为。吃东西和人。因此，腐败犯罪应分为两类：腐败和贿赂以及新西兰的权力渎职。
The definition of the concept of fraud in workplace crime is the logical starting point to study the causes of fraud in workplace crime and the premise to effectively prevent fraud in workplace crime(White,Haines,&Asquith,2017).In the sense of criminology,some people define fraud in workplace crime,that is,"'fraud in workplace crime'refers to the abuse of public power for private interests of socially deviant behavior."Some people define fraud in workplace crime from the perspective of criminal law,holding that"fraud in workplace crime is the behavior subject's abuse or use public power for personal gain,resulting in the interests of the country and the people suffer losses,and should be subject to criminal punishment according to law."Both views have their plausibility,but the former includes criminological corruption and is more widely defined than the latter.Based on the"shoulder"that predecessors have made a reasonable definition of the concept of fraud in workplace crime,and the necessity of analyzing the social causes of fraud in workplace crime,the following is only a rough division of the types of fraud in workplace crime.In fact,"there is no crime without criminal law"and"there is no crime without criminal law."The non-criminal law explicitly stipulates that the behavior of punishment is not a crime,and the research on the cause of crime cannot be divorced entirely from legal norms.Therefore,the definition of fraud in workplace crime should be carried out in the context of the current criminal law.The legal interests of the crime of embezzlement and bribery are clean and incorruptible.The perpetrators of such crimes are often motivated by greed,the transaction of power and money,and the selling of their official duties.The criminal law stipulates the crime of malfeasance,which aims to protect the lawful,fair,effective execution of the public affairs of the state organs and the trust of the people.These crimes,whether abuse of position,abuse of power or abuse of power,malpractice for personal gain,or neglect of duty,are all ACTS of playing with the power of the public,ignoring the duties of performing official duties legally,justly and effectively,and ignoring the interests of the state and the people.Therefore,the crime of corruption should be divided into two types:venal corruption and bribery and power malfeasance in New Zealand.